The great migration cleveland ohio




















Due to racist policies, African Americans were often pushed into slums, high-population areas that required families to sublet their housing, which contributed to the rapid decay of the structures.

Discriminatory zoning practices were so frequently used in the Cleveland area that one case, Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. A key issue in the case asked if zoning ordinances in effect violated the Fourteenth Amendment and equal protection of the laws. The Supreme Court ruled that the government had a vested interest in regulating land use and neighborhood composition. During this thirty year time period, hundreds of thousands of African Americans moved from the South to the North.

In the South, most African Americans had few rights and opportunities. Many of these people worked as sharecroppers, tenant farmers, or as day laborers. With the beginning of World War I, a number of jobs opened in Northern industries. Many businesses increased production to meet wartime needs.

Many white men joined the armed forces of the United States military and were sent to Europe to fight. While some African American men also enlisted in the armed forces, many others migrated to the North to fill these positions. Estimates vary, but possibly as many as , African Americans moved from the South to the North during the s and the early s. Negro Migration During the War. Spear, Allan. Trotter, Joe W. Trotter, Joe William. Tuttle, William M. Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of New York: Atheneum, Wilkerson, Isabel.

New York: Vintage, Williams, Lee E, and Lee E. Hattiesburg: University and College Press of Mississippi, Woodson, Carter G.

The History of the Negro Church. The Mis-Education of the Negro. Wright, Richard. Black Boy, a Record of Childhood and Youth. Allen, James. Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America. Santa Fe: Twin Palms, Anderson, Devery S.

Apel, Dora. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, Arellano, Lisa. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, Armstrong, Julie Buckner.

Mary Turner and the Memory of Lynching. Athens: University of Georgia Press, Berg, Manfred. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, Brundage, W. Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, — Carrigan, William D. Cutler, James Elbert. New York: Longmans, Green, Dray, Philip. Feimster, Crystal N. Ginzburg, Ralph. Baltimore: Black Classic Press, Goldsby, Jacqueline. Ifill, Sherrilyn A. Boston: Beacon, Mitchell, Koritha.

Champaign: University of Illinois Press, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, Pfaelzer, Jean. Pfeifer, Michael J. Global Lynching and Collective Violence. Raper, Arthur Franklin. The Tragedy of Lynching. Rice, Anne P. Witnessing Lynching: American Writers Respond. Rushdy, Ashraf H. American Lynching. New Haven: Yale University Press, South, — New York: Routledge, Till-Mobley, Mamie, and Christopher Benson.

Tolnay, Stewart Emory, and Beck, E. Vandiver, Margaret. Waldrep, Christopher. Lynching in America: A History in Documents. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, White, Walter. Wood, Amy Louise. Zangrando, Robert L. Jacob Lawrence: the Migration Series. Hills, Patricia and Jacob Lawrence. Berkeley: University of California Press, Lawrence, Jacob, David C.

Driskell, and Patricia Hills. Jacob Lawrence: Moving Forward Paintings,



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